[45] Also, in Chapter III, Section 25 to 45, Government regulation No. Trade contacts carried on by various ethnic peoples at the time were the main vehicle for spreading the Old Malay language, which was the main communications medium among the traders. [53] They are: Some analyses assume that these diphthongs are actually a monophthong followed by an approximant, so ⟨ai⟩ represents /aj/, ⟨au⟩ represents /aw/, and ⟨oi⟩ represents /oj/. The loanwords from Sanskrit cover many aspects of religion, art and everyday life. For example, "beda" means "different", hence "berbeda" means "to be different"; "awan" means "cloud", hence "berawan" means "cloudy". The sounds are represented orthographically by their symbols as above, except: Indonesian has light stress that falls on either the final or penultimate syllable, depending on regional variations as well as the presence of the schwa (/ə/) in a word. There are grammatical adjectives in Indonesian. Word order in Indonesian is generally subject-verb-object (SVO), similar to that of most modern European languages, such as English. It is regulated in Chapter XV, 1945 Constitution of Indonesia about the flag, official language, coat of arms, and national anthem of Indonesia. "active voice", with AVO word order), memper- and diper- (causative, agent and patient focus), ber- (stative or habitual; intransitive VS order), and ter- (agentless actions, such as those which are involuntary, sudden, stative or accidental, for VA = VO order); the suffixes -kan (causative or benefactive) and -i (locative, repetitive, or exhaustive); and the circumfixes ber-...-an (plural subject, diffuse action) and ke-...-an (unintentional or potential action or state). [2] It is understood by the Malay people of Australia's Cocos Keeling Islands in the Indian Ocean, also in some parts of the Sulu area of the southern Philippines and traces of it are to be found among people of Malay descent in Sri Lanka, South Africa, Suriname, and other places. Though most people write in Sundanese using Latin script, the Sundanese script is still used by some. In verbs, the prefix me- is often dropped, although an initial nasal consonant is often retained, as when mengangkat becomes ngangkat (the basic word is angkat). Note: This list only lists foreign languages, and thus omitting numerous local languages of Indonesia that have also been major lexical donors, such as Javanese, Sundanese, Betawi, etc. Unlike the relatively uniform standard variety, Vernacular Indonesian exhibits a high degree of geographical variation, though Colloquial Jakartan Indonesian functions as the de facto norm of informal language and is a popular source of influence throughout the archipelago.[8]. Sundanese has more in common with Malay and Madurese, another regional language, than with Javanese, for example. Using the "ter-" prefix, implies a state of being. This is mostly due to Indonesians combining aspects of their own local languages (e.g., Javanese, Sundanese, and Balinese) with Indonesian. Greek words such as demokrasi (from δημοκρατία dēmokratía), filosofi (from φιλοσοφία philasophia), mitos (from μῦθος mythos) came through Dutch, Arabic and Portuguese respectively. Either may sometimes be equivalent to English "the". All others retain their full forms like other nouns, as does emphatic dia: meja saya, meja kita, meja anda, meja dia "my table, our table, your table, his/her table". The suffixes -kan and -i are often replaced by -in. This information is developed to primarily serve as a … There are direct borrowings from various other languages of the world, such as karaoke (from カラオケ) from Japanese, and ebi (from えび) which means dried shrimp. As with "you", names and kin terms are extremely common. Bəliau "his/her Honour" is respectful. Consonants are represented in a way similar to Italian, although ⟨c⟩ is always /tʃ/ (like English ⟨ch⟩), ⟨g⟩ is always /ɡ/ ("hard") and ⟨j⟩ represents /dʒ/ as it does in English. Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Originally titled Belenggu and translated into many languages, including English and German. Some linguists have argued that it was the more common Low Malay that formed the base of the Indonesian language.[17]. The book containing the penal code is also called the kitab. Many loanwords from Arabic are mainly concerned with religion, in particular with Islam, and by extension, with greetings such as the word, "selamat" (from Arabic: سلامة‎ salāma = health, soundness)[69] means "safe" or "lucky". Depending on how you define a language and how you count its number of speakers, today Malay-Indonesian ranks around sixth or seventh in size among the world’s languages. As a result, Malay words are written with that orthography such as: passer for the word Pasar or djalan for the word jalan, older Indonesian generation tend to have their name written in such order as well. Twenty years of discussions about homeland, migrations and classifications", "Indonesian-Malay mutual intelligibility? Common derivational affixes for nouns are peng-/per-/juru- (actor, instrument, or someone characterised by the root), -an (collectivity, similarity, object, place, instrument), ke-...-an (abstractions and qualities, collectivities), per-/peng-...-an (abstraction, place, goal or result). A pustaka is often connected with ancient wisdom or sometimes with esoteric knowledge. Some Dutch loanwords, having clusters of several consonants, pose difficulties to speakers of Indonesian. Though the symbols are totally different from those of the Latin alphabet, is written and read from left to right, like most other languages written using the Latin script. Standard Indonesian is a standard variety of "Riau Malay",[10][11] which despite its common name is not based on the vernacular Malay dialects of the Riau Islands, but rather represents a form of Classical Malay as used in the 19th and early 20th centuries in the Riau-Lingga Sultanate. As early as 1988, teachers of the language have expressed the importance of a standardised Bahasa Indonesia bagi Penutur Asing (also called BIPA, literally Indonesian Language for Foreign Speaker) materials (mostly books), and this need became more evident during the 4th International Congress on the Teaching of Indonesian to Speakers of Other Languages held in 2001.[78]. Most people know that it can be found somewhere in the south of the Pacific Ocean, more or less in between mainland Asia and Australia, but beyond that many of us draw a blank. However, plural can be indicated through duplication of a noun followed by a ini or itu. Top 100 names from around the world + Penpal Statistics @ Students of the World. The country's official language is Indonesian, a variant of Malay based on its prestige dialect, which for centuries had been the lingua franca of the archipelago. To say that something "is" an adjective, the determiners "itu" and "ini" ("that" and "this") are often used. 62 Native Indonesian Girl Names With Meanings Indonesian is the official language of Indonesia. All Indonesia presidents since the country gained independence in 1945 have been all native Javanese speakers. In some regions of Indonesia such as Sumatra and Jakarta, abang (a gender-specific term meaning "older brother") is commonly used as a form of address for older siblings/males, while kakak (a non-gender specific term meaning "older sibling") is often used to mean "older sister". Forms in ter- and ke-...-an are often equivalent to adjectives in English. For example, maha-, pasca-, eka-, bi-, anti-, pro- etc. The VOA and BBC use Indonesian as their standard for broadcasting in Malay. [65][full citation needed] The vast majority of Indonesian words, however, come from the root lexical stock of Austronesian (including Old Malay). This status has made it relatively open to accommodate influences from other Indonesian ethnic languages, most notably Javanese as the majority ethnic group, and Dutch as the previous coloniser. Use of the national language is abundant in the media, government bodies, schools, universities, workplaces, among members of the upper-class or nobility and also in formal situations, despite the 2010 census showing only 19.94% of over-five-year-olds speak mainly Indonesian at home. Indonesia is often one of those countries that Americans know very little about, unless they have made it a point to read about or have visited it. The short story below consists of approximately 80 words in Indonesian that are written using Sanskrit words alone, except for a few pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions and affixes. Instead, a local language with far fewer native speakers than the most widely spoken local language was chosen (nevertheless, Malay was the second most widely spoken language in the colony after Javanese, and had many L2 speakers using it for trade, administration, and education). This problem is usually solved by insertion of the schwa. Examples of these are the prefixes di- (patient focus, traditionally called For negating imperatives or advising against certain actions in Indonesian, the word jangan (do not) is used before the verb. It is a standardised variety of Malay,[3] an Austronesian language that has been used as a lingua franca in the multilingual Indonesian archipelago for centuries. [75] Indonesia's classic novels itself, have their own charm, offering insight into local culture and traditions and the historical background before and immediately after the country gained independence. Indonesian grammar does not regularly mark plurals. Indonesian girl names have their origins typically in their culture and region. Itu "that, those" is used for a noun which is generally far from the speaker. medical and life science translation page. [46], According to Indonesian law, the Indonesian language was proclaimed as the unifying language during the Youth Pledge on 28 October 1928 and developed further to accommodate the dynamics of Indonesian civilisation. They now turn to Greek names or use the original Hebrew Word. Since the 7th century, the Old Malay language has been used in Nusantara (Indonesian archipelago), evidenced by Srivijaya inscriptions and by other inscriptions from coastal areas of the archipelago, such as those discovered in Java. Indonesian, Malay and Avar variant of MUHAMMAD. For instance, the same word is used for he/him and she/her (dia or ia) or for his and her (dia, ia or -nya). As for pronunciation, the diphthongs ai and au on the end of base words are typically pronounced as /e/ and /o/. Indonesian words for girl include gadis, cewek, anak perempuan, pemudi, puteri, nona, pacar wanita and babu. In 1945, when Indonesia declared its independence, Indonesian was formally declared the national language,[25] despite being the native language of only about 5% of the population. [68] As a result, many Indonesian words come from the Arabic language. Hence, "rumah saya" means "my house", while "saya rumah" means "I am a house". Indonesian was also influenced by the Melayu pasar (literally "market Malay"), which was the lingua franca of the archipelago in colonial times, and thus indirectly by other spoken languages of the islands. [37] Some Indonesian words have also been borrowed into English, among them the common words orangutan, gong, bamboo, rattan, sarong, and the less common words such as paddy, sago and kapok. MUHAMAD m Indonesian, Malay, Avar. Means "Betawi" in Arabic, referring to an ethnic group native to the city of Jakarta in Indonesia. Diphthongs are differentiated from two vowels in two syllables, such as: The consonants of Indonesian are shown above. Indonesian (in its normative form) has essentially the same material basis as the standard Malaysian register of Malay and is therefore considered to be a variety of the pluricentric Malay language. It is sometimes said that the Indonesian language is an artificial language, meaning that it was designed by academics rather than evolving naturally as most common languages have,[49] in order to accommodate the political purpose of establishing an official and unifying language of Indonesia. For example, Dutch schroef [ˈsxruf] > sekrup [səˈkrup] (screw (n.)).