Its classification is likely not because of any perceived deficits in the methodology, but because the detailed analysis includes discussions of how different types of structures affected the mortality curve, a topic which touched upon the question of defenses from atomic bombs, then still a sensitive topic. So tired of people doing so. Saying “between 70,000 and 140,000 people died at Hiroshima” captures some of it, but does not really capture the reasons for the variance in these numbers. (From Medical Effects of Atomic Bombs Vol. The Japanese did not, they found, keep good records on this during the war. (The estimates for each city have a range of ±10,000.). On August 30, 1945, one of the first American teams to land in Japan were scientific agents of the Manhattan Project, tasked with understanding the effects of the atomic bombings. On August 8, news reports from Japan, plus a damage report created by the United States, began to paint a picture of the destruction. These effects were studied intently by the Americans and Japanese, and used to develop radiation standards still used today. The Americans, in turn, scheduled further overflights, seeking photographic evidence of the effectiveness of the bomb. A vault within the Atomic Bomb Memorial Mound contains the ashes of Hiroshima victims cremated after the bombing. Additionally, the bomb did not detonate in Nagasaki’s city center, but in the Urakami Valley to the northwest of it. Hiroshima: Before and After Aerial view of Hiroshima, Japan. Aerial photo of Nagasaki before and after the "Fat Man" bomb was dropped on August 9, 1945. But the nature of these estimates ultimately relies on the source terms: How many people were in the cities on the day of the bombing, and where were they within the city? There is no intellectually defensible reason to assume that, for example, an average (105,000 dead at Hiroshima, 55,000 dead at Nagasaki) would be more accurate or meaningful. It is not clear that Truman had any real sense of how many casualties there would have been prior to the attacks. (US Army Air Forces via japanairraids.org). Live Science writes that a 2018 study looked at the dose of radiation absorbed by a the jaw of a Hiroshima victim who was less than a mile from the bomb's hypocenter. One of the most useful sources they consulted was also one of the most grim: schools and schoolchildren, which kept meticulous attendance records. ... Tens of thousands more died of injuries caused by radiation poisoning in the following days, weeks and months. There were also many commuting workers who were not official residents of the city who would have been there for the daylight raid. On the ground, eyewitnesses were largely unaware that it had been a single attack, and a consistency across accounts is their shock at realizing that the entire city had been affected at once by a single plane. … The percentage of the population who were not registered for any of a variety of reasons was not known. The American announcement that it had been an atomic bomb was released 16 hours later, and in response the Japanese high command dispatched a scientific team to make measurements to confirm or refute the claim. Blume's new book tells the story of John Hersey, the young journalist whose on-the-ground reporting in Hiroshima, Japan, exposed the world to the devastation of nuclear weapons. The recorded death tolls are estimates, but it is thought that about 140,000 of Hiroshima's 350,000 population were killed in the blast, and that at least 74,000 people died in Nagasaki. Such numbers were large, and appear to have had a sobering effect on President Harry S. Truman. Shares. Japanese claims of radiation casualties would soon follow, and vigorous American denials (in the face of any actual evidence) heightened the stakes considerably. The most credible estimates cluster around a “low” of 110,000 mortalities and a “high” of 210,000, an enormous gap. Because of the groups’ distribution throughout the city, and the well-ordered nature of school recordkeeping, data on school children was particularly valued for analyzing bomb impacts. Cette fois, c’est la ville de Kokura qui est visée. In 1975, the ABCC would become reconstituted as the Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF) and continue this work, with more control by the Japanese than the ABCC had allowed for. Through this training program, we aim to nurture global leaders to make concrete and peaceful contributions to the world. Trois jours après le bombardement d’Hiroshima, le scénario se répète. The Manhattan Project report, issued in 1946, lamented that there had been “great difficulty” in doing this, owing to “the extensive destruction of civilian installations (hospitals, fire and police department, and government agencies), the state of utter confusion immediately following the explosion, [and] the uncertainty regarding the actual population before the bombing.” The report’s authors did not elaborate upon their methodology. One can see these as part of a general movement by the Japanese, beginning in the late 1950s, to mobilize their status as radiation sufferers, both for the atomic bombings and for the Castle Bravo accident (which exposed a Japanese shipping boat, killed one of the sailors, and led to a temporary closing of fish markets due to contamination concerns), in opposition to nuclear weapons. After the August 9 Nagasaki raid (which he had no apparent foreknowledge of), he would put a stop to further bombing, telling his cabinet that “the thought of wiping out another 100,000 people was too horrible,” according to an August 10, 1945, diary entry by then-Secretary of Commerce Henry A. Wallace. The question of time is an important one: Are we talking about how many people died on the day of the bombing, within a month, within several months, until the present? There is no evidence that either of these estimates was made inaccurately or dishonestly, but they come from different sources and eras. Hiroshima was bombed on the morning of August 6, 1945. Hiroshima was quickly adopted as required reading in high school and college ... 2020. The atomic bomb was intended as a tactic to end a long and extremely bloody conflict between the US and Japan in the Pacific. Though the Joint Commission and the Naval effort were not officially linked, they shared data and methodology, and eventually would release a combined report. This year, 2020, marks a series of 75th anniversaries for world-changing events: 16 July 1945—the Trinity Blast, the world’s first atomic bomb tested in New Mexico; 6 August 1945—the bombing of Hiroshima and 9 August 1945, the bombing of Nagasaki . So this provided data for many different distances from the bombing, and different types of structures. 23, 2020 , 2:00 PM. Today, Hiroshima's radiation levels are virtually indistinguishable from the trace amounts found throughout the world. Once the curves were established, the researchers could take their estimates for the number of people who were at various distances from ground zero (chopped into “zones”), and then multiply the mortality and injury percentages for each zone against those people, deriving the final casualty estimates in that manner. Some 200,000 people died in the initial blast and from the ensuing effects of radiation… All the tables that were available were reproduced by hand from original sources, and a careful scrutiny invariably disclosed obvious errors in copying, as well as mistakes in arithmetic. It packed the power of 15,000 tons of TNT. But memorial events were scaled back this year because of the pandemic. The most vulnerable of those who died at Hiroshima and Nagasaki played a key role in establishing the total death counts. pmlg (28-12-2017 15:45:49) Un commentaire cite Paul Takashi Nagaï, ce remarquable médecin japonais. It is clear that numbers, stripped from their technical contexts, are deployed primarily as a form of moral calculus. The year 1945 is far in the rearview mirror; only a small fragment of people who remember the bombing are still alive. (US Army Air Forces). The city, flat and surrounded by hills, was in many ways an ideal target for the atomic bomb, at least from the perspective of its creators. How Much Radiation Still Exists In Hiroshima. Niveaux : Terminale de lycée, formation d’adultes (doit être remaniée pour le collège) La photographie mise en avant montre l'explosion de "Fat Man" à Nagasaki, le 9 août 1945, trois jours après Hiroshima. HIROSHIMA, Japan -- The atomic bomb that exploded over Hiroshima 75 years ago didn't just kill and maim. You know that the idea of a demonstration was a non-starter because there were two bombs as of August 6th and through August 9th and both had to be used to obtain the Japanese surrender.… Read more », By Molly Hurley | Nuclear Weapons, Opinion, By Cheryl Katz | Climate Change, By Bulletin Staff | Special Topics, By Gayle Spinazze | What’s New at the Bulletin, By Rebecca L. Earnhardt, Brendan Hyatt, Nickolas Roth | Nuclear Risk, By Zoya Teirstein | Climate Change, By David Klaus | Nuclear Energy, Opinion, By John Morales | Climate Change, Copyright © 2021 Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. On August 6, 1945, Colonel Paul Tibbets, pilot of the B-29 bomber Enola Gay, dropped Oppenheimer's world-destroying weapon onto Japan, in the first of two nuclear strikes on the country. Short of choosing one or the other, is there an elegant way to talk about the range? “I am embarrassed by the fact ... that we could not come back with any definitive figures that I would be able to say were more than a guess.”, Col. Stafford Warren, Chief Medical Officer of the Manhattan Project, Looking east toward the bomb hypocenter in Hiroshima from approximately 700 meters away, before and after the explosion. The basic methodology of the Joint Commission was as follows. We bombed Hiroshima, Nagasaki 75 years ago. On August 6, 1945, one atomic bomb reduced most of Hiroshima to rubble. FALLOUT The Hiroshima Cover-Up and the Reporter Who Revealed It to the World By Lesley M. M. Blume. The earlier studies had been based heavily on official records, but then as now, official records only cover so much. "Father of the atomic bomb" J. Robert Oppenheimer witnessed the first successful detonation of his baby in July 1945, per History. The Manhattan Project was not the only effort to estimate these casualties. The ban treaty offers a way out. This radiation is extremely short-lived and only occurs during the initial bright flash of light that accompanies a nuclear explosion.To receive a deadly dose of th… Terms of UsePrivacy Policy, 1307 East 60th Street, Chicago, IL 60637 | 773.702.6308. Little Boy leveled every structure within a mile a shattered windows 12 miles away. Les bombardements atomiques d'Hiroshima et de Nagasaki, ultimes bombardements stratégiques américains au Japon, ont lieu les 6 août et 9 août 1945 sur les villes d'Hiroshima (340 000 habitants) et de Nagasaki (195 000 habitants). RERF’s Life Span Study, which followed the cases of 36,500 survivors of the bombings, found that by 1990, 13% had died of some form of cancer, but that only 9% of those cancers were in excess of the expected numbers for those cohorts. The “low” estimates are those derived from the estimates of the 1940s: around 70,000 dead at Hiroshima, and around 40,000 dead at Nagasaki, for 110,000 total dead. The fact that they all came to similar conclusions on the casualty counts should be read in this light: They were not truly “independent” estimates. And there is so much uncertainty in this that it is hard to know which, if either, of these range of estimates is closer to the reality of things. The Bomb was nicknamed “ Little Boy'' to ironically describe its size weighing in around 10,000 Pounds (Rossenfeld, 2020). Almost all of these estimates are the dead within several months of the bombing. Human Bone Reveals How Much Radiation Hiroshima Bomb Released — And It's Staggering. The U.S. attack on Nagasaki, which occurred three days after the Hiroshima bombing, immediately killed an estimated 40,000 people, via History, while 60,000 to 80,000  more died in first few months. The Atomic Bomb Dome is seen at dusk in Hiroshima, western Japan, Sunday, Aug. 2, 2020. Their goal was destruction and spectacle, to show the Japanese, the Soviets, and the whole world, what the potential of this new weapon was. Despite these perceived limitations, the Joint Commission attempted to develop an underlying model of how many people were in the cities at the time of the bombing, and where they specifically were relative to ground zero. They canvassed as many Japanese sources and authorities as they could on this subject. 5 June 2020 5 June 2020 Health Human Rights Wars / Armed Conflicts The lancet. A trip to Hiroshima is best kicked off with a visit to the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park, which contains a museum, the remnants of buildings destroyed by the 1945 atomic bomb and monuments to the people killed by this nuclear attack. It is of note that even the head of the investigation, Warren, seems to have considered the figure for Nagasaki low. HIROSHIMA—Kunihiko Iida wants the world to … Ryan Myers December 4 2020 His 200 The Lasting effects of Nuclear bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki On August 3rd, 1945, the United States Successfully dropped the nuclear bomb over Hiroshima, Japan. All of which is to note that there was considerable interest in these topics, but that the groups that worked on it were essentially overlapping with one another, using the same data and assumptions. Ninety percent of Hiroshima residents within a half-mile of the blast died in the first 10 minutes. 5 June 2020 5 June 2020 Health Human Rights Wars / Armed Conflicts The lancet ELONA GAY 70 years after the end of World War 2, the monitoring of Japanese atomic bomb survivors, known as hibakusha , for radiation-related health problems continues. Today, Hiroshima and Nagasaki’s radiation levels match the world average background radiation of 0.87 mSv/a. Acute radiation symptoms include vomiting, headaches, nausea, diarrhoea, haemorrhaging and hair loss, with radiation sickness fatal for many within a few weeks or months. Since then, survivors have been studied for long-term effects of radiation from the bomb. For context, it would take 5 units of radiation known as grays to kill a person whose whole body was exposed. 2020 Workshop: “75 Years after Hiroshima and Nagasaki: Science and the Contested Histories of Radiation Exposure” Theme: “Making the Unseen Visible.” August 5-7, 2020 (Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday) Please note that this conference coincides with the 75 th anniversary of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima (August 6). The indiscriminate damage inflicted upon the cities, coupled with the existing disruptions of the wartime Japanese home front, means that any precise reckoning is never going to be achieved. Dropped by the Enola Gay on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, Little Boy was a uranium- fueled bomb about 10 feet long and just over two feet across, that held 140 pounds of uranium and weighed nearly 10,000 pounds. Today, nuclear war still menaces. Hiroshima Day is watched every year on 6 August. They did not know what the population of either city was beforehand. HIROSHIMA, Japan -- The atomic bomb that exploded over Hiroshima 75 years ago didn't just kill and maim. Hiroshima Day 2020 imprints the 75th year of strolling the way of the nuclear bomb. In any event, the apparent degree of precision, counting down to the individual dead or injured, is perhaps unwarranted. Neither the estimate of the Joint Commission, nor these later, higher estimates, can be easily dismissed with aspersions that they were deliberately trying to under- or over-count the data. None of them are absurd. The blast blew a boy through the window of his collapsing home and across the street. Understanding Hiroshima’s relatively recent devastation is key to fully appreciating its beauty and culture. The differences between the results at Hiroshima and Nagasaki were attributed to the differing population sizes and the topography. These show the relationship between distance and mortality: how many people would be dead or injured based on how far they were from ground zero. And it clarifies the question of timing, if the latter clause is allowed in. But there’s a lot of work to be done on climate. These long-ago dates changed the world forever. (US Navy / National Archives). For example, location #1 is the Motokawa Primary School, located only 0.5 kilometer from ground zero, where 100% of the 192 children at the school were killed. But even Oppenheimer's mournful remarks couldn't begin to capture the sheer annihilation his creation was capable of. Col. Stafford L. Warren, MC, chief of team, is holding doll and case given to the team by the Japanese medical commandant of this unit. In both cases, the majority of the deaths occurred on the day of the bombing itself, with nearly all of them taking place by the end of 1945.”. The topography of the Urakami valley partially sheltered Nagasaki from the blast, but the destruction is clearly visible in this US Army Air Forces photograph from late 1945. Ce sera Hiroshima, l’une des rares grandes villes du Japon à ne pas avoir été bombardée. Working with Japanese investigators, the ABCC tracked tens of thousands of hibakusha, or bombing survivors, over the course of their lives. Prompt radiation is the high-energy neutrons and gamma rays which occur immediately after the detonation of a nuclear device. An estimated 80,000 people died on the first day alone. Because most people only had a modest exposure to radiation, the overall risk of developing solid cancers between 1958 and 1998 increased by 10 … Of particular interest were the immediate and long-term effects of radiation exposure, which had never been studied on such a large population, with such large exposures. However, contrary to what many expected, the city didn't become a permanent nuclear No Man's Land. ... Aug. 6, 2020; In August 1945, a Japanese newspaper sent a … Seventy-five years ago today, on August 6, 1945, President Harry S. Truman issued the order to drop an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan. A view of Hiroshima in September 1945, weeks after an atomic bomb destroyed the city. Radiation exposure would kill tens of thousands more in the months and years that followed. Since Hiroshima was on a plain, Little Boy caused immense damage. By looking at the fates of groups in known locations, and their distances from ground zero (at the center of the map), the Joint Commission was able to construct a mortality-casualty curve that shows how distance affected outcomes. (Bettmann / Getty Images), Two members of the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission, Through this mixed-method and comparative work, they seem to have had a high degree of confidence that their estimates were good ones, though one needs to take the full chain of methodology into account in assessing them in retrospect. How many people died as a result of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki? I might suggest, if there is space to do so, saying something like: “The United States military estimated that around 70,000 people died at Hiroshima, though later independent estimates argued that the actual number was 140,000 dead. Looking back on that scene, the scientist spoke with hopelessness in his eyes: "I remembered the line from the Hindu scripture the Bhagavad-Gita ... Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds.' When he exploded as planned nearly 2000 feet above Hiroshima, about two pounds of uranium underwent nuclear fission as it released nearly 16 kilotons of explosive force. The high degree of apparent precision in these numbers is fairly misleading. The only pre-Hiroshima estimate on record is the recollection from Arthur Compton that at a May 31, 1945, meeting of the Interim Committee, J. Robert Oppenheimer had suggested that an atomic bomb dropped would kill “some 20,000 people” if exploded over a city. Japanese efforts to amplify the stories and needs of the atomic bomb survivors led to a renewed effort to catalog the bombs’ effects, by representatives in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki starting around 1968. This symposium, which is also where the Japanese term hibakusha was brought into broader international use, involved the creation of an International Investigation Team, of which a Natural Sciences Group was tasked with assessing the number of casualties from the bombings. (Jeremy Carver / Creative Commons BY-NC-ND), Topics: Hiroshima & Nagasaki, Nuclear Weapons. Hiroshima, après la bombe. Le 6 août 1945, un bombardier américain B-29 larguait la première bombe atomique de l'Histoire sur Hiroshima. A map of Hiroshima as it was in 1945, showing bomb damage along with locations and radiation dosages of the survivors. Updated annually on the anniversaries of the bombings, as of August 2020, the memorials record the names of more than 510,000 hibakusha; 324,129 in Hiroshima and 185,982 in Nagasaki, up by 4,943 and 3,406 respectively from the previous year's figures of 319,186 and 182,601. Rather, because the bomb exploded so far above ground, most of the radiation decayed within days. Oughterson and Stafford Warren were subsequently assigned by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers to work with Japanese scientists in a Joint Commission for the Investigation of the Atomic Bomb in Japan (hereafter referred to as the “Joint Commission”). These representatives went to Hiroshima and Nagasaki to assess every aspect of the attacks, with an eye both to understand what had happened, to measure any lingering radioactivity, and also to learn what could be generalized as “the effects of atomic bombs,” for use in future planning. In this tragic fashion, the most vulnerable of those who died at Hiroshima and Nagasaki played a key role in establishing the total death counts. Seventy-five years ago, the US B-29 bomber Enola Gay dropped the world's first atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan. Colonel Ashley W. Oughterson was tasked with making a survey of casualties for the Army, which accompanied the Manhattan Project surveyors on their initial visits to Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Bonus Fact: A Japanese man by the name of Tsutomu Yamaguchi was in Hiroshima on a business trip the day the first atomic bomb was dropped. To put it another way, neither the estimate of the Joint Commission, nor these later, higher estimates, can be easily dismissed with aspersions that they were deliberately trying to under- or over-count the data. (See Table 7.8 on page 112 of Hiroshima and Nagasaki: The Physical, Medical, and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings.) But their estimates for the total population of the cities, especially Nagasaki, were forever fraught. My qualitative sense is that historians who want to emphasize the suffering of the Japanese (and the injustice of the bombing) tend to prefer the “high” numbers, while those who want to emphasize the military necessity of the attack tend to prefer the “low” numbers. Seventy-five years ago, on the bright … The United States Strategic Bombing Survey’s Civilian Defense Division, The Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers headquarters, In July 1946, Lt. Col. George V. LeRoy, a physician assigned to the Joint Commission and a member of the Manhattan Project’s health physics division at the University of Rochester, gave. Though thankfully, Hiroshima started to rebuild in August of 1949 after the Hiroshima Peace Memorial City Construction (For more on the history of the ABCC, and its transition to RERF, see M. Susan Lindee’s 1994 book Suffering Made Real: American Science and the Survivors at Hiroshima). This world's first atomic bomb attack hit Hiroshima 75 years ago this week. Japan surrendered on August 15. Read ahead to know more on the day. At location #3, all of the 134 students from two schools who were assigned to clearing firebreaks were killed. The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 were the beginnings of a long and deep engagement by Japanese people and … The recorded death tolls are estimates, but it is thought that about 140,000 of Hiroshima's 350,000 population were killed in the blast, and that at least 74,000 people died in Nagasaki. The U.S. atomic bomb attack on the people of Hiroshima at 8:15 a.m. on August 6, 1945, and the second attack on the city of Nagasaki at 11:02 a.m. on August 9 killed and wounded hundreds of thousands of unsuspecting men, women, and children in a horrible blast of fire and radiation, followed by deadly fallout. The survivors have also lived for decades with lingering shame, anger and fear. https://thebulletin.org/2020/08/counting-the-dead-at-hiroshima-and-nagasaki Elle rasa la moitié de la ville de… By Laura Geggel 01 May 2018. 6 August 2020. ELONA GAY 70 years after the end of World War 2, the monitoring of Japanese atomic bomb survivors, known as hibakusha, for radiation-related health problems continues. Col. Stafford Warren, the Chief Medical Officer of the Manhattan Project, and a pioneer in nuclear medicine, led this effort. Nonetheless, Hiroshima’s legacy is very much alive today, and will continue so in the future. And this should not surprise us, given that so much of the argument defending the atomic bombs relies on another casualty estimate: how many people might have died in a full-scale land invasion of Japan (numbers that have been similarly contested for decades, ranging from tens of thousands of casualties, to the more imaginative millions). (Lemon, 2018) In 1946, Hiroshima started work on the first set of emergency temporary homes. (Prisma Bildagentur / Getty Images). At the end of August 1945, officials in both Hiroshima and Nagasaki prefectures estimated that there were 63,614 dead and missing at Hiroshima, and 25,672 dead and missing at Nagasaki. Special Issue: Expert advice for the new US president, A threat to confront: far-right extremists and nuclear terrorism. As we have seen, the American forces viewed Japanese accounts with some skepticism, rightly or wrongly. https://www.grunge.com/191959/how-much-radiation-still-exists-in-hiroshima This work was viewed with some suspicion by the Japanese, in part because of the great amount of secrecy that surrounded it during the Occupation of Japan, and has been criticized for not taking the Japanese researchers’ own findings seriously. The city was a strategic military target, and had been placed off-limits from earlier firebombing raids. I suppose we all thought that, one way or another." On the morning of August 6, 1945, an American B-29 bomber dropped the first atomic bomb used in warfare on the city of Hiroshima, Japan. (From, Counting the dead at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, they all came to similar conclusions on the casualty counts, numbers that have been similarly contested for decades. The detailed statistical report that the Joint Commission created indicates a great number of sources of uncertainty. A series of charts using data collected by RERF highlighting cancer risk among the survivors depending on radiation received during the explosion, and noting distribution of age, sex, and other information. By Alberto Cuadra 24 July, 2020. The bombings finished the Second World War. Aerial photos of Hiroshima before and after the "Little Boy" bomb was dropped on August 6, 1945. The explosion produced a 40,000-foot mushroom cloud. (The United States Strategic Bombing Survey had previously estimated that only 6,789 soldiers, out of 24,158 in Hiroshima, were killed or missing because of the bombing.) In particular, aside from general re-estimates of the wartime populations of the cities, they believed that: These estimates have been made with tremendous care, and are not frivolous in any way. They are part of how we understand the effects of nuclear weapons today — for Hiroshima and Nagasaki, thankfully, remain the only instances of these weapons being used in warfare, and thus provide an invaluable “data set” upon which to base other understandings and simulations. They also compared their own calculations to those of other groups. Publication 12 juin 2020 à 15:51 CEST, Mise à jour 5 nov. 2020 à 06:29 CET. It obliterated the city … Exposure to the levels of radiation prevalent at the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings does correlate with a higher cancer rate, but not nearly as high as many people imagine. The landmark ruling comes a week before the city marks the 75th anniversary of the U.S. bombing. This makes the authorship claims more explicit (even as it generalizes quite a bit into “the United States military” and “independent estimates”), and also makes it clear that this range is the cause of two entirely different assessments, not the errors of a single assessment. Hiroshima Day 2020: A day celebrated to remember the horrors of August 6, 1945, in Hiroshima, Japan. close. The jawbone registered almost twice that: 9.46 grays. The large variance between these and the mean of the 1940s-1950s estimates is striking. (Lemon, 2018) In 1946, Hiroshima started work on the first set of emergency temporary homes. Human Bone Reveals How Much Radiation Hiroshima Bomb Released — And It's Staggering. At Hiroshima, they estimated that out of a pre-raid population of 255,000 people, 66,000 had died, and 69,000 were injured. 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