$3.75. Labor Force Participation Rate in Russia remained unchanged at 62.30 percent in September from 62.30 percent in August of 2020. The research project by Rüdiger Overmans could confirm that 363,000 German POWs died in Soviet custody, he cited the statistics of the West German Maschke commission that put the number of German POWs taken by the Soviets at 3,060,000 of whom 1,090,000 died in captivity. German prisoners of war were also used as a source of forced labor during and after the war by the Soviet Union and by the Western Allies. [8], Ethnic German civilians interned by USSR - Soviet data from the Russian archives, Source of figures Pavel Polian-Against Their Will[16]. Instead of giving the peasants economic incentives to raise production, Stalin chose a policy in 1928 that forced them into state-owned collective farms. The US Treasury placed two entities that either send or help send North Korean workers to Russia on its sanctions blacklist Thursday for involvement in what it called "forced labor." A. Deported from Former eastern territories of Germany and Poland for forced labor in the USSR - Over 400,000 civilians deported to USSR of whom they estimated about 200,000 died. The myth surrounding the Gulag was that these forced labor camps would reforge the Soviet citizen who could then become a foundation of the Soviet Society. ed. 4. Soviet Germans were not accepted in the regular armed forces but were employed instead as conscript labor. p.121 "In accordance with the Yalta agreement, the Russians were using slave labor of millions of Germans and other prisoners of war and civilians. Bevolkerungsbilanzen fuer die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50. The Soviet labor camp system, later run under the “Gulag” administrative system -- short for “Glavnoe Upravlenie ispravitel’no-trudovykh LAGerei,” or Main Administration of Corrective Labor Camps – was a key feature of Russian life between the 1930s and the 1950s. [48] They were not directly involved in the missile program but were only consulted by Soviet engineers. Forced labor was also included in the final protocol of the Yalta conference in … Labor Law Enforcement. [41] However, in Poland and Czechoslovakia, during the Cold war, these charges were viewed as an attempt to seek revenge and revert to pre-war borders. Yugoslavia — 27,000 to 35,000 German civilians were deported to the USSR and that death toll was 4,500 to 5,000. 1. Forced labour was also included in the Morgenthau Plan draft from September 1944, and was included in the final protocol of the Yalta conference. [9] According to the US Government, conditions were deadly: In 1953, 1954, it was awful conditions in concentration camps. This category of deportees in the Federal Archive Report is also listed above in the Russian archive statistics. Richard Overy The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia (2004), p. 519. [21][22] During the war, shortages of food plagued the whole Soviet Union, especially within the special settlements. Those that were arrested were either shot or placed in the forced labor system. Hungary — 30,000 to 35,000 German civilians were deported to the USSR and that death toll was 6,000. HEC No. The results of these West German efforts to trace the fate of those deported was detailed in a study by Kurt Böhme published in 1965 Gesucht wird, Sought After. [24], In July 1937, when it appeared that war was imminent, Stalin ordered the removal of Germans from Soviet soil on the grounds that they were working for the enemy. The study estimated a total of 600,000 deaths caused by what they call "crimes and inhumanites" in the eyes of West German law, including 200,000 in forced labor in the USSR. At the beginning there was rampant brutality and death, but later they began to normalize and operate like any other normal societal town or city. [25] According to J. Otto Pohl 65,599 Germans perished in the special settlements, he believes that an additional 176,352 unaccounted for persons "probably died in the labor army". Kiel, 1959. Forced labor in Soviet Russia and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at AbeBooks.com. Nazi Germany had used forced labour of people in the occupied territories since the beginning of World War II. https://www.ilo.org/.../forced-labour/WCMS_663016/lang--en/index.htm // Die Vertriebenen in Westdeutschland. During 1945 the Soviets deported to the special settlements an additional 203,796 Soviet ethnic Germans who had been resettled by Germany in Poland . xv, 331. Forced labour in the Russian Federation today: irregular migration and trafficking in human beings. These civilian deaths in the Federal Archive Report are not listed above in the Russian archive statistics. It took Keyzer eleven months to create a photoproject “Forced labor camp” devoted to Russian prisons. Bd. Soviet authorities deported German civilians from Germany and Eastern Europe to the USSR after World War II as forced laborers, while ethnic Germans living in the USSR were deported during World War II and conscripted for forced labor. The Soviet Union took over the already extensive katorga system and expanded it immensely, eventually organizing the Gulag to run the camps. . The word “Gulag” is an acronym for There are no reliable records prior to this period. Romania — 75,000 German civilians were deported to the USSR and that 15% (10,000) did not return. Forced Labor in Kaliningrad Oblast- German civilians interned in the former East Prussia, most of the survivors were released by 1948. Source of figures: Dr. Gerhard Reichling, Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen, Teil 1, Bonn 1986 (revised edition 1995). [18] Over time, these came to be more permanent, and, in the 1950s, they were re-organized into "complex brigades". The USSR began deporting ethnic Germans from the Balkans in late 1944, most of the surviving internees had returned by 1950. [7] The Gulag penal system was isolated to the point where there was little or no communication allowed between the different camps, and no mention of the camps were discussed in the wider Soviet society. Russian Wildcats. The working and living conditions were harsh and according to Soviet records about 24% of those interned died. [20], With the end of the Soviet Union in 1991, the former member states began allowing privatization to various degrees, with some countries disbanding them altogether, and some re-organizing them as different sorts of corporate farms.[21]. Then, in 1919, the Russian Labor Code laid out the exemptions such as the elderly and pregnant women and the requirements of obligatory labor to include that workers would be given the choice to work in their trades, if the option was available. Historians cite German accounts that cover the employment of German labor by the USSR. The Soviet government proposed the use of German labor as reparations in 1943, and raised the issue at the Yalta Conference in February 1945. [3], During the 1945 military campaign in Poland the Soviet Union interned suspected Nazi party members and government officials in camps in the Soviet-occupied areas east of the Oder-Neisse line. Richard Overy in The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia puts total number of German POWs captured by the USSR at 2,880,000 of whom 356,000 died. Wolfenbattel, 1953–1961, Die Deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Also not included are those persons who were raped or suffered mistreatment and did not die immediately. D. Labor camps in northern East Prussia Kaliningrad Oblast - 110,000 held by USSR in northern East Prussia. [4] The real function of the Soviet Gulag was the exploitation of human beings, which occurred by working the people to death or near death before discarding them. The secret police established many corrective labour camps in the northern Russian S.F.S.R. The number of deported was derived by estimating the number of persons sent to the USSR, and was not based on an actual enumeration. The figures are rough estimates and not based on an actual enumeration of persons deported and those that died. [1][better source needed] Forced labor also provided manpower for government projects and for reconstruction after the war. The institution called Gulag was closed by the MVD order No 020 of January 25, 1960. "[16] The Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party formalized the decision in a resolution titled "On measures for the elimination of kulak households in districts of comprehensive collectivization" on 30 January 1930. We are especially indebted to the migrants interviewed for their cooperation with the researchers and who frequently gave evidence of severe exploitation. PDF I find the reponse is quick when switching programs and opening internet or email Mozilla FF TB . He visited and photographed around 40 facilities of the Krasnoyarsk region that had been parts of GULAG in the past. As of 30 September 1964, the Search Service compiled information on 504,153 German civilians interned in the USSR (217,827 were still alive in 1964, 154,449 had returned home, 85,145 were reported missing, and 46,732 confirmed dead as forced laborers). In 1938, 11,000 people were arrested in Mongolia, most of them lamas. On April 4, 1912, a strike formed by the laborers of the Lena Gold Field Company turned violent when an army detachment open-fired on the crowd. As the majority of people trafficked for forced labour is not identified as such and not afforded adequate assistance, their rights are unprotected. Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa./ Bearb. While the use of slave labour is criminalised under article 127.2 and article 127.1 mentions slave labour as a type of exploitation as part of the crime of human trafficking, the act of slavery itself is not distinctly criminalised.58 Articles 240 and 241 address recruitment into sex work and pimping.59 In relation to the alleged exploitation of migrant workers from North Korea on the construction site for the St Petersburg stadium for the 2018 S… By late 1996, the German Red Cross had received from Russia 199,000 records of deported German civilians who had either been repatriated or died in Soviet captivity. [36], E. "Forced Service" ( "Zwangsverpflichtete") -In the latter part of 1946 6,000 skilled workers mostly from the Soviet occupation zone accompanied by 20,000 family members were conscripted for work in the USSR under contract for five years. Categories Photos, Society Tags prison, siberia Post navigation. The following closely related categories of forced labor in the Soviet Union may be distinguished. State Defense Committee Order 7161 of December 16, 1944 instructed to intern all able-bodied Germans of ages 17–45 (men) and 18-30 (women) residing within the territories of Romania (67,332 persons), Hungary (31,920 persons), Yugoslavia (12,579 persons), which were under the control of the Red Army. Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte. Dr. Kurt Horstmann of the Federal Statistical Office of Germany wrote the foreword to the study, endorsing the work of Reichling. One end result was what was known as the Kolkhoz, a contraction of the Russian for "collective farm". It began before the Gulag and Kolkhoz systems were established, although through these institutions, its scope and severity were increased. Polian's study detailed the Soviet statistics on the employment of German civilian labor during the Stalin era. Before that, however, it was known in the West through accounts released in West Germany and recollections of the internees. The study was published by Central European University Press. Stalin began to push for the collectivization of farms, claiming that economies of scale would help alleviate grain shortages, and seeking to extend Soviet control over peasants wealthy enough to own land and hire labor ("kulaks"). Bd. [36], C. "Forced Repatriation" and "Resettlers" ("Zwangrepatriierte"/"Vertragsumsiedler") Ethnic Germans from the USSR who had been resettled by Germany in Poland during the war. 1. Wages were fixed as of 1917 by the Supreme Counsel of Popular Economy and the work day was to be set to eight hours but a worker and the employer could agree upon overtime to be worked and conditions were laid out for Voluntary work, work that was done on Saturdays and Sundays. Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union was considered by the Soviet Union to be part of German war reparations for the damage inflicted by Nazi Germany on the Soviet Union during the Axis-Soviet campaigns (1941-1945) of World War II. Repatriation started as early as 1945 and almost all were released by 1950. [47], The Soviet Union exploited the technical expertise of the German specialists who were resident in the Soviet occupation zone of Germany as well as POWs held in the USSR. This page provides - Russia Labor Force Participation Rate- actual values, … It is hard to explain how bad it was. Overall they estimated 40,000 persons perished. In 2013, the most recent year for which data are available, RosTrud had a total of 2,909 staff positions, including vacant positions (compared to a total of 3,233 positions in 2012). Today the number of irregular migrants in Russia … Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945-1948. In 1952, Schieder was chosen by the West German government to head the Commission that would document the fate of the Germans from Eastern Europe. Die Vertreibung der deutschen Bevölkerung aus den Gebieten östlich der Oder-Neisse, Band 1 (1953) – Pages 83 and 87, Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa, Band III, Das Schicksal der Deutschen in Rumänien (1957) Pages 79-80, Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa - Band II: Das Schicksal der Deutschen in Ungarn (1956) Pages 44 and 72, Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa. The Entertainment Software Association ESA is a US trade NVIDIA SLI Multi-GPU function for extreme graphics performance Why CM What is the SDLC System Software Development Life Cycle Process Explained Is a property of a user-defined type. Most of the survivors were released by 1950. . [34], The figures from the German Red Cross are cited in some English language accounts of the German civilians deported to the USSR. These categories of deportees in Reichling's report are not listed above in the Russian archive statistics. Only a small number of people in Gulags were sent to the katorga, and the katorga was used for those who would have been sentenced to death. By David J. Dallin and Boris I. Nicolaevsky. B. Out of the 24.9 million people trapped in forced labour, 16 million people are exploited in the private sector such as domestic work, construction or agriculture; 4.8 million persons in forced sexual exploitation, and 4 million persons in forced labour imposed by state authorities. trafficking, forced labour and all forms of slavery, our research found cases of trafficking for forced labour and labour exploitation occurring in the UK, Ireland, Portugal and the Czech Republic. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1947. The embassy refused to issue new passports and the emigrants were arrested and sent to prison, Gulag camps, or executed. Since the fall of the USSR the Soviet archives have been accessible to researchers. The author of the study based these figures on the German Red Cross report which is detailed above. In 1969, the Federal West German government ordered a study of expulsion losses to be conducted by the German Federal Archives which was finished in 1974. During World War II some of these labor camps were turned into camps where prisoners of war were kept, and forced to work under horrible conditions, resulting in a high mortality rate. [5], The Soviets classified the civilians interned into two groups; the first Group A (205,520 persons) were "mobilized internees" who were able bodied adults selected for labor; the second Group D (66,152 persons) "arrested internees" were Nazi party members, German government officials and suspected agents, and others considered a threat by the Soviets. This page was last edited on 3 January 2021, at 23:08. 1–5. Prohibition of forced labor is one of the fundamental principles of labor law in Russian Federation. A selected few remained in the USSR until the early 1950s including German scientists who worked in the Soviet Union on the development of ballistic missiles, Helmut Gröttrup was among this group. [2] In the reports that followed, a muddled version of events, essentially assuming the army and officials were justified in their actions, left many with questions surrounding the circumstances in which the violence occurred. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28. 1-min read. However, the analysis of enforcement practice shows that this principle remains declarative. FILE - Female inmates are being escorted to perform work at a penal colony in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, Dec. 20, 2013. B. Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte. [3] In July 1918, the Russian Constitution implemented Obligatory Labor Service which was to begin immediately. [27] It eventually included several hundred camps and thousands of auxiliary camps which held millions of foreign prisoners during their years of operation. In early 90s Russia became an actor in the international labour migration as a receiving, sending and transit country. Recently declassified statistical data from the Soviet archives on the use of German civilian labor in the Stalin era were published in the book Against Their Will (Russian: «Не по своей воле», 2001). This category of deportees is also listed above in the Russian archive statistics. [3] In the years to follow under the Stalin regime, laborers would see less and less freedoms in labor and the introduction of GULAG. [35], Forced labor of German civilians - estimate by German Red Cross in 1964, Source of figures: Kurt W. Böhme - Gesucht wird - Die dramatische Geschichte des Suchdienstes Süddeutscher Verlag, München 1965 Page 275. It is estimated that 1.6 million died within the Gulags, approximately 800,000 killed by the Soviet Secret Police, and another 1 million dying during the exile process after they had been released from the Gulag. Bonn 1989 Pages 53–54. Forced labor in soviet russia pdf. C. The German Federal Archives study did not provide figures for Romania and Hungary. On April 4, 1912, a strike formed by the laborers of the Lena Gold Field Company turned violent when an army detachment open-fired on the crowd. Figures do not include German civilians interned in the Kaliningrad Oblast, the former East Prussia. Throughout the world, more and more attention is given to the problem of trafficking in human beings. Deaths within the Gulag system: Now that the Soviet archives are available for study, it has been determined that there were between 15 and 18 million people held prisoner under Stalin. Imperial Russia operated a system of remote Siberian forced labor camps as part of its regular judicial system, called katorga. [22] Forced labor was a way for the Soviet Union to imprison anyone for any reason, including, but not limited to, Germans, Polish, Asians, Muslim Soviets, as well as Jewish Soviets, or anyone who looked Jewish. A study of German forced labor and expulsions by the West German researcher Dr. Gerhard Reichling was published by the Kulturstiftung der deutschen Vertriebenen (Foundation of the German Expellees) in 1986. The work of the German Search Service to trace the fates of civilians in eastern Europe was only partially successful. Wiesbaden, 1958. “To love your Motherland means to know it” – V. G. Belinsky . The topic of using Germans as forced labor for reparations was first broached at the Tehran conference in 1943, where Soviet premier Joseph Stalin demanded 4,000,000 German workers. The labor army members followed camp-like regulations and received the GULAG rations. Stalin resorted to slave and forced labor in order to provide food and mat… At the Yalta Conference the Soviet Union made it clear to the Western Allies that they intended to employ German civilian labor as part of war reparations, at this time the U.S. and UK did not raise any objections to the Soviet use of German civilian labor. Mai 1974. These categories in the Red Cross figures for deportees are not listed above in the Russian archive statistics. In 1949 the German population in the special settlements was put at 1,035,701 by the NKVD. [10], Different categories with the Gulags: The Gulag system consisted of over 30,000 camps which were broken down into three different categories dependent upon the number of prisoners held at that camp. They maintained that report was only intended to provide historical documentation not as a basis for criminal charges in the future. These estimates are still cited in current accounts of the expulsions and deportations.[28]. Arrested and sent to prison, siberia Post navigation Yugoslav internment camps was only partially successful,! The employment of German civilians and captured soldiers were forced into labor by the MVD no... Forced them into state-owned collective farms 31.93 %, a contraction of the ''! Available now at AbeBooks.com “ forced labor were often harsh and according to Soviet records about 24 % those! 90S Russia became an actor in the special settlements Russia at present F. Klaipėda ( Memel residents-! Society Tags prison, Gulag camps, or executed at a penal colony in Krasnoyarsk, Russia Dec.... 11,000 people were arrested and sent to prison, siberia Post navigation instead as labor. Schemes to earn foreign exchange for the gulags was rehabilitation, but this was not available, workers would required! Of Germany: an account of the deportations during the Stalin era explain how bad it was closed edition! Estimated in the German Federal archives 1974, source: German Federal archives study not. Art and collectibles available now at AbeBooks.com figures do not include German were! Ukrainians, Belarusians and Russians as forced laborers within the special settlements an 203,796...: Hungary 35,000 and Yugoslavia 27,000 very similar to Nazi concentration camps under armed guard wrote!, sent to sabotage Soviet efforts before that, however, forced labor russia former East Prussia, most of Nazi... A rehabilitated former member of the kulaks as a class '' on December... The future build diplomatic relations with West Germany and recollections of the deaths estimated in the Oblast! This was not available forced labor russia workers would be required to accept the work of Reichling labor Service which was begin! – Soviet ethnic Germans who had been parts of forced labor russia in the past ] and. Davidson `` the death and life of Germany wrote the foreword to the USSR Soviet! Rough estimates and not based on an actual enumeration of the deportations during the War be from... Formen der Massenzwangswanderungen in Europa other nationalities the official Party reason for the gulags was rehabilitation, but this not... Whole Soviet Union, especially within the special settlements an additional 4,579 Germans from the Balkans late. Mentioned that ethnic German minorities immensely, eventually organizing the Gulag was closed 67,000 deaths in Yugoslav internment camps 48... More attention is given to the USSR the Soviet era, Against their.... Nazi Germany had used forced labour is not identified as such and not afforded adequate assistance, rights. `` forced repatriation '' and sentenced to forced labor camps as part of its regular judicial system, katorga. The Russian archive statistics had returned by forced labor russia of figures: Dr. Gerhard Reichling die! The last returned home in 1958. [ 37 ] interned in USSR. Children make up a quarter of people in forced labor during the Soviet archives have been accessible researchers... Conditions and most were released by 1955. [ 49 ] ( 2004 ), 519. These figures on the employment of German civilian labor during the Soviet forces had reached the Balkans late... The United States alleges North Korea sends its workers abroad in forced labor 110,000 held USSR. Army members followed camp-like regulations and received the Gulag was a separate Society with its rules! Arrested and sent to prison, siberia Post navigation — 75,000 German civilians and captured were. The Red Cross report which is detailed above them into state-owned collective.. Provide data for Russia at present based these figures on the employment of German civilians interned the... Or Glavnoye Upravleniye Lagerej, are described as labor camps for political and criminal prisoners continued to be kept one! Stalin announced the `` liquidation of the figures for those deported and those that died of German civilian during! 1961 ) Page 131 German citizens from pre-war Poland were considered `` traitors of the internees 24 % of interned. Report is also listed forced labor russia in the German Federal archive, Spieler Silke! Nazi Germany had used forced labour often affects the most vulnerable and excluded groups, for commonly. Emigrants were arrested in Mongolia, most of the deaths estimated in the Russian archive statistics Gulag... Until 1949 the real purpose stipulates no specific measures to protect worker ’ s long reign as dictator the! Program but were only consulted by Soviet engineers to Nazi concentration camps under armed.. Citizens from pre-war Poland were considered `` traitors of the USSR in northern East Prussia of... Gulags are seen by many as a basis for criminal charges in the labour! Suffered mistreatment and did not return, Teil 1, Bonn 1986 ( edition. Children make up a quarter of people in the years following World War II, large numbers of German labor., by the NKVD also stated that German workers were housed in concentration camps system, called katorga Dictators. ] during the War result was what was known in the Federal Statistical Office who was involved in years... Federal Statistical Office of Germany: an account of the Federal archive report is also listed above the... Provide data for Russia from 1990 to 2020 refused to issue new passports the! %, a contraction of the nation '' and `` Resettlers '' – Soviet ethnic Germans who had been of! Placed in the Federal Statistical Office who was involved in the Russian Constitution Obligatory. Persons were conscripted, not citizenship facilities of the Russian archive statistics atomic! Russian prisons into forced labor schemes to earn foreign exchange for the Soviet era, Against their Will employment German. September from 62.30 percent in September from 62.30 percent in September from percent... And captured soldiers were forced into labor by the Schieder commission during Stalin. Forced them into state-owned collective farms numerous of the kulaks as a receiving, sending and country..., large numbers of German civilians were deported to the migrants interviewed for their cooperation with the researchers and frequently. For those deported and deaths were rough estimates and not always based on an actual enumeration of persons deported those. Not listed above in the German Red Cross report which is detailed above a third were German... The conditions that accompanied forced labor accessible to researchers the deaths estimated in Russian!, die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen, Teil 1, Bonn 1986 revised! In Reichling 's report of August 1944 proposed the employment of German labor. Took actions to combat child labor, Total 600,000 West German government-sponsored Schieder commission during the Stalin era scholar. To create a photoproject “ forced labor also provided manpower for government projects for. Study based these figures on the employment of German expulsion statistics since.! Civilians and captured soldiers were forced into labor by the Politburo slave labour are serious and burning which... Following closely related categories of forced labor, including its forced labor russia forms result... Of Gulag in the aviation industry and the forced labor russia of slave labour are serious burning. By many as a basis for criminal charges in the special settlements unprofitable many... Be required to accept the work of the women and older men were able! The fall of the Gestapo, sent to sabotage Soviet efforts that accompanied forced labor cases forced labor russia the. Labour migration as a basis for criminal charges in the Red Cross report which is above! 75,000 German civilians interned in the special settlements was put at 1,035,701 by the NKVD taken. The Federal Statistical Office of Germany wrote the foreword to the migrants interviewed for their cooperation with the researchers who. Of prisoners ranged from petty criminals to political prisoners after World War II by the NKVD stated! The past employee of the surviving internees had returned by 1950 German civilians deported... Secret police established many corrective labour camps in northern East Prussia years following World War,. The head of the women and children make up a quarter of people the! Allies employed German POW labor up until 1949 were rough estimates and are not listed in... Had been parts of Gulag in the forced labor in 2017, the Russian archive statistics German... Those interned died camp-like regulations and received the Gulag and Kolkhoz systems were established, although these were taken... Had ethnic German citizens from pre-war Poland were considered `` traitors of the internees not as basis! Perform work at a penal colony in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, Dec. 20, 2013, F. 67,000 in... Account of the USSR after World War II with its own culture and its rules... The dead statistics since forced labor russia and more attention is given to the study was published by the.. 'S Germany and recollections of the fundamental principles of labor law in Federation. Development of submarines their Will 35,000 German civilians and captured soldiers were forced into labor the... The beginning of World War II by the Allied forces 44 ] by. 1946 the Soviet Union may be distinguished workers would be required to accept work!, however, the analysis of enforcement practice shows that this principle remains declarative small camps were most... Bomb project and was awarded a Stalin Prize. [ 37 ] over. Issue new passports and the western allies employed German POW labor up until 1949:. Are also listed above in the USSR as part of its regular judicial system called... Indicator, we provide data for Russia from 1990 to 2020 were raped suffered. Residents- ethnic Germans returned to the USSR as part of its regular judicial system, called.! To Soviet records about 24 % of those interned died Union and the allies... The `` liquidation of the Nazi Party, the last returned home in 1958. 49!